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- Government
-
- Note: Between early 1975 and late 1976 Lebanon was torn
- by civil war between its Christians--then aided by Syrian
- troops--and its Muslims and their Palestinian allies. The
- cease-fire established in October 1976 between the domestic
- political groups generally held for about six years, despite
- occasional fighting. Syrian troops constituted as the Arab
- Deterrent Force by the Arab League have remained in Lebanon.
- Syria's move toward supporting the Lebanese Muslims and
- the Palestinians and Israel's growing support for Lebanese
- Christians brought the two sides into rough equilibrium,
- but no progress was made toward national reconciliation
- or political reforms--the original cause of the war.
-
- Continuing Israeli concern about the Palestinian presence
- in Lebanon led to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June
- 1982. Israeli forces occupied all of the southern portion
- of the country and mounted a summer-long siege of Beirut,
- which resulted in the evacuation of the PLO from Beirut
- in September under the supervision of a multinational force
- (MNF) made up of US, French, and Italian troops.
-
- Within days of the departure of the MNF, Lebanon's newly
- elected president, Bashir Gemayel, was assassinated. In
- the wake of his death, Christian militiamen massacred hundreds
- of Palestinian refugees in two Beirut camps. This prompted
- the return of the MNF to ease the security burden on Lebanon's
- weak Army and security forces. In late March 1984 the last
- MNF units withdrew.
-
- Lebanese Parliamentarians met in Taif, Saudi Arabia
- in late 1989 and concluded a national reconciliation pact
- that codified a new power-sharing formula, specifiying a
- Christian president but giving Muslims more authority. Rene
- Muawad was subsequently elected president on 4 November
- 1989, ending a 13-month period during which Lebanon had
- no president and rival Muslim and Christian governments.
- Muawad was assassinated 17 days later, on 22 November; on
- 24 November Elias Harawi was elected to succeed Muawad.
-
- Progress toward lasting political compromise in Lebanon
- has been stalled by opposition from Christian strongman
- Gen. Michel Awn. Awn--appointed acting Prime Minister by
- outgoing president Amin Gemayel in September 1988--called
- the national reconciliation accord illegitimate and has
- refused to recognize the new Lebanese Government.
-
- Lebanon continues to be partially occupied by Syrian
- troops. Syria augmented its troop presence during the weeks
- following Muawad's assassination. Troops are deployed in
- West Beirut and its southern suburbs, in Al Biqa, and in
- northern Lebanon. Iran also maintains a small contingent
- of revolutionary guards in Al Biqa, from which it supports
- Lebanese Islamic fundamentalist groups.
-
- Israel withdrew the bulk of its forces from the south
- in 1985, although it still retains troops in a 10-km-deep
- security zone north of its border with Lebanon. Israel arms
- and trains the Army of South Lebanon (ASL), which also occupies
- the security zone and is Israel's first line of defense
- against attacks on its northern border.
-
- The following description is based on the present constitutional
- and customary practices of the Lebanese system.
-
-
- Long-form name: Republic of Lebanon; note--may be changed to
- Lebanese Republic.
-
- Type: republic.
-
- Capital: Beirut.
-
- Administrative divisions: 5 governorates (muhafazat, singular--
- muhafazah); Al Biqa, Al Janub, Ash Shamal, Bayrut, Jabal Lubnan.
-
- Independence: 22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate
- under French administration).
-
- Constitution: 26 May 1926 (amended).
-
- Legal system: mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, Napoleonic
- code, and civil law; no judicial review of legislative acts;
- has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction.
-
- National holiday: Independence Day, 22 November (1943).
-
- Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet; note--by
- custom, the president is a Maronite Christian, the prime
- minister is a Sunni Muslim, and the president of the legislature
- is a Shia Muslim.
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Arabic--Majlis
- Alnuwab, French--Assemblee Nationale).
-
- Judicial branch: four Courts of Cassation (three courts for
- civil and commercial cases and one court for criminal cases).
-
- Leaders:
-
- Chief of State--Elias HARAWI (since 24 November 1989);
-
- Head of Government--Prime Minister Salim AL-HUSS (since
- 24 November 1989).
-
- Political parties and leaders: political party activity
- is organized along largely sectarian lines; numerous political
- groupings exist, consisting of individual political figures
- and followers motivated by religious, clan, and economic
- considerations; most parties have well-armed militias, which
- are still involved in occasional clashes.
-
- Suffrage: compulsory for all males at age 21; authorized
- for women at age 21 with elementary education.
-
- Elections: National Assembly--elections should be held every
- four years but security conditions have prevented elections
- since May 1972.
-
- Communists: the Lebanese Communist Party was legalized in
- 1970; members and sympathizers estimated at 2,000-3,000.
-
- Member of: Arab League, CCC, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
- IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
- IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC--International Wheat
- Council, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO.
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires
- Suleiman RASSI; note--the former Lebanese Ambassador, Dr.
- Abdallah Bouhabib, is loyal to Gen. Awn and has refused
- to abandon his residence or relinquish his post; Chancery
- at 2560 28th Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202)
- 939-6300; there are Lebanese Consulates General in Detroit,
- New York, and Los Angeles; US--Ambassador John T. MCCARTHY;
- Embassy at Avenue de Paris, Beirut (mailing address is
- P.O. Box 70-840, Beirut); telephone [961] 417774 or 415802,
- 415803, 402200, 403300.
-
- Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), white (double
- width), and red with a green and brown cedar tree centered
- in the white band.
-